1. – 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Despite a preoccupation with body image and weight loss, the prevalence of obesity in the US continues to rise —-.

The goal of the Neuroscience Research Programme is to —- our understanding of the neuronal systems involved in a variety of neurological disorders.

The process of economic and social reforms that began in the 1990s in some developing countries has had a profound —- on the functioning and adjustment of their labour markets.

For decades, scientists have theorized that much of the universe is —- nearly undetectable dark matter and dark energy.

Billions of useful bacteria colonize our guts, but because antibiotics are lethal to a whole range of microbes, drugs taken for a chest infection, for example, —- friendly bacteria too.

The brain coordinates our speech ability so that it makes all the —- sounds.

7. – 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

—- English contains a vast lexical inheritance from Latin, Persian has absorbed a great number of Arabic loanwords.

Toxic amblyopic, usually involving only one eye, is a condition —- retrobulbar neuritis, which usually affects both eyes.

—– electric cars are a welcome development, they are neither as useful nor as green as their supporters claim.

The anaemia of folate deficiency, —- DNA synthesis slows and the body’s cells lose their ability to divide, is characterized by large, immature blood cells.

Tomatoes are so widely consumed that they represent a vehicle —- beneficial nutrients to those who —- expensive seasonal berries.

Home-grown produce tastes better than grocery store produce —- it is freshly picked and perfectly ripe, which shines through even when cooked or preserved.

As regards breast changes, our definition —- ‘normal’ varies —- age and experience.

People intuitively tend to equate happiness —- freedom; however, without obstacles —- our desires, it is harder to know what we really want, let alone fulfilling them.

According to some scientists, the global population, which currently —- at about 6 billion, —- 13 billion by the year 2050.

If she —- more pessimistic, most probably she —- up, but instead, she went on trying.

17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

Soft-paste porcelain was the result of attempts (17) —- the Chinese porcelain body with mixtures of white clay and ground glass, (18) —- at lower temperatures. Bone china, (19) —-, is produced (20) —- adding calcined bones and it is harder than soft paste, but not (21) —- true porcelain.

Soft-paste porcelain was the result of attempts (17) —- the Chinese porcelain body with mixtures of white clay and ground glass, (18) —- at lower temperatures. Bone china, (19) —-, is produced (20) —- adding calcined bones and it is harder than soft paste, but not (21) —- true porcelain.

Soft-paste porcelain was the result of attempts (17) —- the Chinese porcelain body with mixtures of white clay and ground glass, (18) —- at lower temperatures. Bone china, (19) —-, is produced (20) —- adding calcined bones and it is harder than soft paste, but not (21) —- true porcelain.

Soft-paste porcelain was the result of attempts (17) —- the Chinese porcelain body with mixtures of white clay and ground glass, (18) —- at lower temperatures. Bone china, (19) —-, is produced (20) —- adding calcined bones and it is harder than soft paste, but not (21) —- true porcelain.

Soft-paste porcelain was the result of attempts (17) —- the Chinese porcelain body with mixtures of white clay and ground glass, (18) —- at lower temperatures. Bone china, (19) —-, is produced (20) —- adding calcined bones and it is harder than soft paste, but not (21) —- true porcelain.

22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi bulunuz.

By the late 1990s, construction on what was then the world’s largest engineering project – the Three Gorges Dam across China’s great Yangtze River – was in full swing. (22) —- completed, the dam will be about 1.6 km across and about 200 m high, and will flood nearly 650 km of valley. The Chinese government (23) —- it will control the Yangtze’s devastating floods and sweep China into the modern (24) —-. However, critics point (25) —-the million or more people (26) —- ancestral homes and farms will be lost.

By the late 1990s, construction on what was then the world’s largest engineering project – the Three Gorges Dam across China’s great Yangtze River – was in full swing. (22) —- completed, the dam will be about 1.6 km across and about 200 m high, and will flood nearly 650 km of valley. The Chinese government (23) —- it will control the Yangtze’s devastating floods and sweep China into the modern (24) —-. However, critics point (25) —-the million or more people (26) —- ancestral homes and farms will be lost.

By the late 1990s, construction on what was then the world’s largest engineering project – the Three Gorges Dam across China’s great Yangtze River – was in full swing. (22) —- completed, the dam will be about 1.6 km across and about 200 m high, and will flood nearly 650 km of valley. The Chinese government (23) —- it will control the Yangtze’s devastating floods and sweep China into the modern (24) —-. However, critics point (25) —-the million or more people (26) —- ancestral homes and farms will be lost.

By the late 1990s, construction on what was then the world’s largest engineering project – the Three Gorges Dam across China’s great Yangtze River – was in full swing. (22) —- completed, the dam will be about 1.6 km across and about 200 m high, and will flood nearly 650 km of valley. The Chinese government (23) —- it will control the Yangtze’s devastating floods and sweep China into the modern (24) —-. However, critics point (25) —-the million or more people (26) —- ancestral homes and farms will be lost.

By the late 1990s, construction on what was then the world’s largest engineering project – the Three Gorges Dam across China’s great Yangtze River – was in full swing. (22) —- completed, the dam will be about 1.6 km across and about 200 m high, and will flood nearly 650 km of valley. The Chinese government (23) —- it will control the Yangtze’s devastating floods and sweep China into the modern (24) —-. However, critics point (25) —-the million or more people (26) —- ancestral homes and farms will be lost.

27. – 36. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

Early humans had no explanation for the existence of a vast array of substances and their transformations, —-.

—-, the illness can present itself at any stage of life.

Future computers will be able to tell us —-.

When the mother contracts German measles during the first trimester of pregnancy, —-.

—-, but much is being done to improve facilities.

—-, who were later joined by Germanic peoples.

One of the many criticisms made of the British media is —-.

—-, scientists wondered if they might likewise benefit the retina, which has an embryologic association with the brain.

—- because they have been found to harm human health.

Quantum theory is the most useful scientific theory ever devised, —-.

37. – 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi, Türkçe cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz.

Originally imported from China in the 12th century, tea has been a significant component of Japanese culture ever since.

Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade the body and multiply there.

More than half of the work force walked out yesterday after the company announced it would close the plant to save millions of dollars.

Dil teknolojilerinin en büyük ilerleme gösterdiği uygulama alanlarından biri ses komutuyla çalışan ev aletleri alanıdır.

Evlat edinme, ister sağlıklı bir yenidoğan isterse de özel ihtiyacı olan herhangi bir yaştaki bir çocuk olsun, bir aileye ihtiyacı olan tüm çocukların gereksinimlerine uygun olarak sürekli gelişen bir olgudur.

Kutup ayıları iklim değişikliğinin sadece sembolü değil, aynı zamanda her yaz biraz daha seyrekleşen doğal yaşam alanlarını terk eden asıl kurbanlarıdır.

43. – 46. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

2014 was a landmark year for drug development. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 41 new pharmaceuticals, the most since 1996. Each of these will hopefully make the world a better place, alleviating distress and preventing premature deaths. But developing drugs is incredibly expensive – and increasingly so. The cost of bringing a new compound to the market is now around $2.5 billion, twice as much in real terms as it was a decade ago. One of the costliest parts is recruiting and retaining volunteers to test the drug in a clinical trial. Around three quarters of trials are delayed by problems with this process. Most trials over-recruit by up to 50 percent to compensate, but the drop-out is still so high that only 1 in 20 volunteers end up generating useful data. The result: wasted time, effort and money. That is not for lack of patient willingness. In 2013, the UK’s House of Commons found that people want to volunteer but do not know how. Yet, volunteers can be brought on board and kept there by making more effort to inform and help them to choose which trial they would like to enter. The problems with volunteer recruitment were identified a decade ago but have not been eradicated. It is high time they were. It is in everyone’s interest to get rid of this unnecessary waste.

It is understood from the passage that many participants in clinical trials —-.

2014 was a landmark year for drug development. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 41 new pharmaceuticals, the most since 1996. Each of these will hopefully make the world a better place, alleviating distress and preventing premature deaths. But developing drugs is incredibly expensive – and increasingly so. The cost of bringing a new compound to the market is now around $2.5 billion, twice as much in real terms as it was a decade ago. One of the costliest parts is recruiting and retaining volunteers to test the drug in a clinical trial. Around three quarters of trials are delayed by problems with this process. Most trials over-recruit by up to 50 percent to compensate, but the drop-out is still so high that only 1 in 20 volunteers end up generating useful data. The result: wasted time, effort and money. That is not for lack of patient willingness. In 2013, the UK’s House of Commons found that people want to volunteer but do not know how. Yet, volunteers can be brought on board and kept there by making more effort to inform and help them to choose which trial they would like to enter. The problems with volunteer recruitment were identified a decade ago but have not been eradicated. It is high time they were. It is in everyone’s interest to get rid of this unnecessary waste.

One can conclude from the passage that the problems of volunteer recruitment —-.

2014 was a landmark year for drug development. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 41 new pharmaceuticals, the most since 1996. Each of these will hopefully make the world a better place, alleviating distress and preventing premature deaths. But developing drugs is incredibly expensive – and increasingly so. The cost of bringing a new compound to the market is now around $2.5 billion, twice as much in real terms as it was a decade ago. One of the costliest parts is recruiting and retaining volunteers to test the drug in a clinical trial. Around three quarters of trials are delayed by problems with this process. Most trials over-recruit by up to 50 percent to compensate, but the drop-out is still so high that only 1 in 20 volunteers end up generating useful data. The result: wasted time, effort and money. That is not for lack of patient willingness. In 2013, the UK’s House of Commons found that people want to volunteer but do not know how. Yet, volunteers can be brought on board and kept there by making more effort to inform and help them to choose which trial they would like to enter. The problems with volunteer recruitment were identified a decade ago but have not been eradicated. It is high time they were. It is in everyone’s interest to get rid of this unnecessary waste.

What is the primary purpose of the author?

2014 was a landmark year for drug development. The US Food and Drug Administration approved 41 new pharmaceuticals, the most since 1996. Each of these will hopefully make the world a better place, alleviating distress and preventing premature deaths. But developing drugs is incredibly expensive – and increasingly so. The cost of bringing a new compound to the market is now around $2.5 billion, twice as much in real terms as it was a decade ago. One of the costliest parts is recruiting and retaining volunteers to test the drug in a clinical trial. Around three quarters of trials are delayed by problems with this process. Most trials over-recruit by up to 50 percent to compensate, but the drop-out is still so high that only 1 in 20 volunteers end up generating useful data. The result: wasted time, effort and money. That is not for lack of patient willingness. In 2013, the UK’s House of Commons found that people want to volunteer but do not know how. Yet, volunteers can be brought on board and kept there by making more effort to inform and help them to choose which trial they would like to enter. The problems with volunteer recruitment were identified a decade ago but have not been eradicated. It is high time they were. It is in everyone’s interest to get rid of this unnecessary waste.

Which could be the best title for this passage?

47. – 50. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In 1914, Europe had built a seemingly stable peace. Through the complex negotiations of great power geopolitics, Europe had settled into two systems of alliance: the Allied Powers which consisted of Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers that included Germany, Austria, and Italy. Within this balance of power, the nations of Europe challenged one another for economic, military, and imperial advantage. The rivalry for colonies abroad accompanied a fierce arms race at home, where military leaders assumed that superior technology and larger armies would result in a quick victory in a European war. Indeed, in the prevailing atmosphere of international suspicion, such a war seemed likely to many of Europe’s political and military leaders. Yet none of them predicted that the war would break out so soon. Nor did many expect that the assassination in June 1914 of the Austrian archduke and his wife would spark off that war, which engulfed all of Europe in just over a month’s time.

. It is suggested in the passage that, when the Austrian archduke and his wife were assassinated in June 1914, —-.

In 1914, Europe had built a seemingly stable peace. Through the complex negotiations of great power geopolitics, Europe had settled into two systems of alliance: the Allied Powers which consisted of Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers that included Germany, Austria, and Italy. Within this balance of power, the nations of Europe challenged one another for economic, military, and imperial advantage. The rivalry for colonies abroad accompanied a fierce arms race at home, where military leaders assumed that superior technology and larger armies would result in a quick victory in a European war. Indeed, in the prevailing atmosphere of international suspicion, such a war seemed likely to many of Europe’s political and military leaders. Yet none of them predicted that the war would break out so soon. Nor did many expect that the assassination in June 1914 of the Austrian archduke and his wife would spark off that war, which engulfed all of Europe in just over a month’s time.

It is pointed out in the passage that, while the European powers were competing with each other for colonization overseas, —-.

In 1914, Europe had built a seemingly stable peace. Through the complex negotiations of great power geopolitics, Europe had settled into two systems of alliance: the Allied Powers which consisted of Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers that included Germany, Austria, and Italy. Within this balance of power, the nations of Europe challenged one another for economic, military, and imperial advantage. The rivalry for colonies abroad accompanied a fierce arms race at home, where military leaders assumed that superior technology and larger armies would result in a quick victory in a European war. Indeed, in the prevailing atmosphere of international suspicion, such a war seemed likely to many of Europe’s political and military leaders. Yet none of them predicted that the war would break out so soon. Nor did many expect that the assassination in June 1914 of the Austrian archduke and his wife would spark off that war, which engulfed all of Europe in just over a month’s time.

The writer asserts in the passage that the peace in Europe in 1914 —-.

In 1914, Europe had built a seemingly stable peace. Through the complex negotiations of great power geopolitics, Europe had settled into two systems of alliance: the Allied Powers which consisted of Britain, France and Russia, and the Central Powers that included Germany, Austria, and Italy. Within this balance of power, the nations of Europe challenged one another for economic, military, and imperial advantage. The rivalry for colonies abroad accompanied a fierce arms race at home, where military leaders assumed that superior technology and larger armies would result in a quick victory in a European war. Indeed, in the prevailing atmosphere of international suspicion, such a war seemed likely to many of Europe’s political and military leaders. Yet none of them predicted that the war would break out so soon. Nor did many expect that the assassination in June 1914 of the Austrian archduke and his wife would spark off that war, which engulfed all of Europe in just over a month’s time.

According to the passage, although Europe had achieved a balance of power by 1914, —-.

51. – 54. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Since 1993, China has invested in more than fifty oil and gas projects in some thirty nations. In particular, China has focused on acquisitions and partnerships in Sudan and Iran. In Sudan alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion developing oil fields. In the meantime, China has also begun to use its military to protect its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops disguised as oil workers patrol Chinese oil infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years, China has strengthened its military presence in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short term is China’s relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the American sphere of influence, China has been steadily courting Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. In return for oil, China has supplied Iran not only with conventional weapons but also with technology and materials that can be used for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons.

It is claimed in the passage that the Chinese oil workers in Sudan —-.

Since 1993, China has invested in more than fifty oil and gas projects in some thirty nations. In particular, China has focused on acquisitions and partnerships in Sudan and Iran. In Sudan alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion developing oil fields. In the meantime, China has also begun to use its military to protect its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops disguised as oil workers patrol Chinese oil infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years, China has strengthened its military presence in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short term is China’s relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the American sphere of influence, China has been steadily courting Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. In return for oil, China has supplied Iran not only with conventional weapons but also with technology and materials that can be used for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons.

One learns from the passage that there are —-.

Since 1993, China has invested in more than fifty oil and gas projects in some thirty nations. In particular, China has focused on acquisitions and partnerships in Sudan and Iran. In Sudan alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion developing oil fields. In the meantime, China has also begun to use its military to protect its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops disguised as oil workers patrol Chinese oil infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years, China has strengthened its military presence in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short term is China’s relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the American sphere of influence, China has been steadily courting Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. In return for oil, China has supplied Iran not only with conventional weapons but also with technology and materials that can be used for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons.

One understands from the passage that, just as the United States maintains its dominant position in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, so China —-.

Since 1993, China has invested in more than fifty oil and gas projects in some thirty nations. In particular, China has focused on acquisitions and partnerships in Sudan and Iran. In Sudan alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion developing oil fields. In the meantime, China has also begun to use its military to protect its oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops disguised as oil workers patrol Chinese oil infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent years, China has strengthened its military presence in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South China Sea, over which sovereignty is still disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short term is China’s relationship with Iran. With Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the American sphere of influence, China has been steadily courting Tehran and aims to become the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. In return for oil, China has supplied Iran not only with conventional weapons but also with technology and materials that can be used for the manufacturing of nuclear weapons.

It is clear from the passage that Iran’s nuclear technology —-.

55. – 58. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to insufficient calcium or phosphate in the bones. Vitamin D is actually an umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all mammals when light energy is absorbed by a precursor molecule called 7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of summer, two minutes’ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four times a week, could supply enough Vitamin D. This rose to 15 minutes in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also lead to skin cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most underdeveloped countries in the world. This is not because of malnutrition or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly think. In fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3 production by a factor of six, and people in these countries are usually heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing sunscreen with a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3 production.

According to the passage, the high rate of Vitamin D3 deficiency in underdeveloped countries with plenty of sunshine —-.

A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to insufficient calcium or phosphate in the bones. Vitamin D is actually an umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all mammals when light energy is absorbed by a precursor molecule called 7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of summer, two minutes’ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four times a week, could supply enough Vitamin D. This rose to 15 minutes in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also lead to skin cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most underdeveloped countries in the world. This is not because of malnutrition or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly think. In fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3 production by a factor of six, and people in these countries are usually heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing sunscreen with a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3 production.

It can be understood from the passage that Vitamin D —-.

A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to insufficient calcium or phosphate in the bones. Vitamin D is actually an umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all mammals when light energy is absorbed by a precursor molecule called 7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of summer, two minutes’ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four times a week, could supply enough Vitamin D. This rose to 15 minutes in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also lead to skin cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most underdeveloped countries in the world. This is not because of malnutrition or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly think. In fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3 production by a factor of six, and people in these countries are usually heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing sunscreen with a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3 production.

It is clear from the passage that —-.

A deficiency in Vitamin D is known to cause various diseases due to insufficient calcium or phosphate in the bones. Vitamin D is actually an umbrella term that covers a group of steroid molecules. Of these, only Vitamin D3 requires sunlight to synthesize. It is formed in the skin of all mammals when light energy is absorbed by a precursor molecule called 7-dehydrocholesterol. A recent study found that at the height of summer, two minutes’ exposure of the face and arms to the sun, three to four times a week, could supply enough Vitamin D. This rose to 15 minutes in the winter. Ironically, Vitamin D deficiency, which may also lead to skin cancer, is actually very common in some of the sunniest but most underdeveloped countries in the world. This is not because of malnutrition or a lack of dietary supplements, as most people mistakenly think. In fact, it is because very dark skin colour slows the rate of Vitamin D3 production by a factor of six, and people in these countries are usually heavily veiled when outside, as well. In addition, wearing sunscreen with a sun protection factor greater than eight will also block Vitamin D3 production.

One can understand from the passage that —-.

59. – 62. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Several years ago, biochemists studying marine ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge thriving in the middle of a coral reef that was dying from bacterial infection. The researchers identified a substance made by the sponge in order to defend itself from harmful microbes. They realized that it was a natural antibacterial molecule called ‘ageliferin’. This molecule can break down the formation of a protective biofilm coating that bacteria use to shield themselves from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now the same researchers are using this natural compound to create innovative ways to fight drugresistant bacteria. They have recently modified the structure of ageliferin to make it more potent and formulated to help conventional medications combat otherwise drug-resistant bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly-developed chemical does not stop bacteria from proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic products, allowing them to fight off formerly drug-resistant strains of diseases.

It can be understood from the passage that bacteria that cause infections —-.

Several years ago, biochemists studying marine ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge thriving in the middle of a coral reef that was dying from bacterial infection. The researchers identified a substance made by the sponge in order to defend itself from harmful microbes. They realized that it was a natural antibacterial molecule called ‘ageliferin’. This molecule can break down the formation of a protective biofilm coating that bacteria use to shield themselves from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now the same researchers are using this natural compound to create innovative ways to fight drugresistant bacteria. They have recently modified the structure of ageliferin to make it more potent and formulated to help conventional medications combat otherwise drug-resistant bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly-developed chemical does not stop bacteria from proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic products, allowing them to fight off formerly drug-resistant strains of diseases.

It is clear from the passage that ageliferin is a substance —-.

Several years ago, biochemists studying marine ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge thriving in the middle of a coral reef that was dying from bacterial infection. The researchers identified a substance made by the sponge in order to defend itself from harmful microbes. They realized that it was a natural antibacterial molecule called ‘ageliferin’. This molecule can break down the formation of a protective biofilm coating that bacteria use to shield themselves from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now the same researchers are using this natural compound to create innovative ways to fight drugresistant bacteria. They have recently modified the structure of ageliferin to make it more potent and formulated to help conventional medications combat otherwise drug-resistant bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly-developed chemical does not stop bacteria from proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic products, allowing them to fight off formerly drug-resistant strains of diseases.

According to the passage, scientists are using ageliferin —-.

Several years ago, biochemists studying marine ecosystems noticed something unusual: a sponge thriving in the middle of a coral reef that was dying from bacterial infection. The researchers identified a substance made by the sponge in order to defend itself from harmful microbes. They realized that it was a natural antibacterial molecule called ‘ageliferin’. This molecule can break down the formation of a protective biofilm coating that bacteria use to shield themselves from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now the same researchers are using this natural compound to create innovative ways to fight drugresistant bacteria. They have recently modified the structure of ageliferin to make it more potent and formulated to help conventional medications combat otherwise drug-resistant bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The newly-developed chemical does not stop bacteria from proliferating, but it allows the antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic products, allowing them to fight off formerly drug-resistant strains of diseases.

One can understand from the passage that the newly-developed compound —-.

63. – 67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

Journalist:
– You always highlight the importance of keeping a checklist during complex operations. You’ve also written a book on how to create such checklists. Why do we need them?
Surgeon:
– Well, they’re memory aids. They can help you perform well when you’re working with many people on a complex procedure which eventually will save lives during surgery.
Journalist:
– —-
Surgeon:
– A checklist was used during surgical procedures for 8,000 patients in eight hospitals around the world. In every hospital, major complications were reduced by 36 percent and the death rate was lowered by half.

Tom:
– Do you know that there are 160 medical centres in this country dedicated to the needs of very sick children?
Randy:
– No. What do you mean by very sick, anyway?
Tom:
– —-
Randy:
– It’s sad to think that kids so young may never get the chance to grow up.

Paul:
– We’ll need to be careful about not getting Dengue Fever on our Central American tour.
Sarah:
– What’s Dengue Fever? I’ve never heard of that.
Paul:
– It’s some sort of viral infection spread by mosquitoes.
Sarah:
– Well, that’s definitely not something I want to get. How about we just stay in larger cities so that we avoid mosquito-infested areas?
Paul:
– —-
Sarah:
– Then let’s read up on how to prevent mosquito bites to avoid getting bitten in the first place.

Eleanor :
– This article is about patients in a persistent vegetative state. Some of them wake up many years later, and some of them never do.
Bob :
– How do doctors decide whether or not these patients should be kept on life-support?
Eleanor :
– —-
Bob :
– I suppose so. Obviously there are legal and medical concerns, but I think the family of the patient should have some rights in the matter, too.

Larry:
– There seems to be no end to the things scientists can invent!
Donald:
– —–
Larry:
– Listen to this. Engineers at a Japanese telecom company have designed a head-mounted camera that allows you to take photographs with the blink of an eye.Donald:
– If a camera like that gets into the wrong hands, it could cause a great deal of trouble.

68. – 71. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en yakın cümleyi bulunuz.

It is already known that flowers display their bright colours and use their beautiful scents to lure bees; however, scientists have recently discovered that they use electric fields as well.

Palestinians wanted to organise an international campaign against Israeli occupation, with no apparent success.

Recent findings suggest that it was the Vikings, a Scandinavian nation, who landed North America first.

The two friends finally agreed to set up a company, but either was expecting the other to find the capital.

72. – 75. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz.

There is some indication that children whose access to television is restricted are less likely to be negatively affected by it, even when they do view it. A study has found that children whose parents restrict viewing are less likely to be unnecessarily fearful of the outside world. —- In other words, children whose parents severely limit access to television may actually become more aggressive, perhaps due to the frustration that results from the deprivation of privileges.

The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) is the most frequently used pain questionnaire. It has been used to assess pain relief in a variety of treatment programmes and has demonstrated some validity in assessing multiple pain syndromes. —-. Sensory qualities of pain are its temporal, spatial, pressure and thermal properties; affective qualities are its fear, tension and autonomic properties that are part of the pain experience; and evaluative qualities are the words that describe the subjective overall intensity of the pain experience.

Although a soccer ball can be put together in many ways, there is one design so ubiquitous that it has become iconic. This standard soccer ball is glued together from 32 polygons, 12 of them five-sided and 20 six-sided, arranged in such a way that every pentagon (five-sided) is surrounded by hexagons (six-sided). —-. This colour scheme was introduced for the World Cup in 1970 to enhance the visibility of the ball on television, although the design itself is older.

This year researchers from some 60 nations are participating in the International Polar Year, an intensive burst of interdisciplinary research focusing on the polar regions. —-. For instance, water from the melting ice sheet is flowing into the North Atlantic much faster than scientists had previously thought possible.

76. – 80. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulunuz.

(I) Groups perform many tasks, of which making decisions is one of the most important. (II) The course of our lives is largely determined by decisions made by groups: for example, selection committees, juries, parliaments and groups of friends. (III) In addition, many of us spend a significant portion of our working lives making decisions in groups. (IV) Therefore, social psychologists have long been interested in the social processes involved in group decision-making, and in whether groups make better or different decisions than individuals do. (V) Another important dimension of group decision-making is the ability to recall information.

(I) In the North American autumn, Arctic air meets warmer air from the south, creating the perfect conditions for storms. (II) Wind rages around all of the Great Lakes at this time of year, but Lake Erie is the shallowest and contains the least water. (III) The water of Lake Erie is darkened by mud and sand mixed by the strong currents. (IV) This means its waves are typically the biggest as it is more easily influenced by the wind. (V) As the wind blows, the waves start to build a beat, rhythmically sloshing back and forth along the lake’s roughly east-west axis, and growing in height as they do.

(I) During impression formation, we tend to pay special attention to negative or potentially threatening information. (II) When we come to form an overall impression of the person, that negative information is weighed more heavily. (III) That is, a negative trait affects an impression more than a positive trait, everything else being equal. (IV) For example, in one study, students rated 97 percent of their professors in college favorably despite all the mixed experiences they have had in their college classes. (V) The main explanation for this fact is that negative traits are more unusual and therefore more distinctive.

(I) The symptoms of senile dementia generally include a decline in memory, learning, attention, and judgement, as well as disorientation and increased difficulties in communication. (II) Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of senile dementia, accounting for around 70 percent of all cases. (III) Alzheimer’s disease often makes it more difficult to think of the right word, for example. (IV) Behavioural manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease include a decline in personal hygiene, inappropriate social behaviour, and apparent changes in personality. (V) Wandering and forgetting what one is doing can also become a serious problem, as this can create a genuine danger.

(I) For almost 40 years, our nearest cosmic neighbour, the Moon, was left alone as we looked somewhere else in the Solar System. (II) That changed in 2013, when China’s Chang’e 3 lander touched down on the lunar surface. (III) Since then there has been an explosion of interest in the Moon. (IV) The search for water as a source of life even on the Moon is a constant point of focus in the context of human exploration. (V) NASA, China and even private companies are racing back to it, with dozens of robotic and human missions being planned.